Cambridge C2 Proficiency

The Writing Paper, decoded

Everything you need for the C2 Proficiency Writing exam: task formats, model answers, the official assessment rubric, and timed practice with self-marking.

90 min 2 parts 520–600 words total 4 assessment criteria

What you'll be asked to do

The Cambridge C2 Proficiency Writing paper takes 90 minutes and is split into two parts. You must complete both. Each part is worth 20 marks (40 total) and the two carry equal weight in your final Writing score.

90Minutes
2Parts
40Marks
20%Of exam

Discursive essay

Two short input texts (≈100 words each) on the same topic. Summarise and evaluate the key points and give your own reasoned opinion.

  • Length: 240–280 words
  • Register: formal / neutral
  • Focus: argument and synthesis, not retelling

Pick from four task types

You're given three options from the four below. Each has its own context, reader and register.

Article

Engaging, personal angle

Letter

Formal, clear purpose

Report

Headings, recommendations

Review

Describe, evaluate, recommend

All Part 2 tasks: 280–320 words.

How to manage the 90 minutes

  • Part 1 — 45 min: 5 reading and planning, 30 writing, 10 checking.
  • Part 2 — 45 min: 5 choosing and planning, 30 writing, 10 checking.
  • Always plan before you write — examiners reward clear organisation, and unplanned essays drift.
  • Word count matters: under-length loses Content marks; massively over-length suggests poor control.

The discursive essay

You'll see two short texts on a single topic — for example, the value of museums, the role of competition in education, or the future of work. Each text presents a distinct viewpoint or set of ideas. The instructions ask you to summarise and evaluate the key points from both, and to express your own opinion, supported by your own ideas and arguments.

Formal Neutral discursive

What examiners want to see

  • Clear identification of the key points from both texts (not all points — the essential ones)
  • Evaluation, not paraphrase: agree, disagree, qualify, weigh against each other
  • Your own argued position, woven through — not tacked onto the end
  • Coherent paragraph structure with explicit linking
  • Sophisticated, accurate language with a wide range

Suggested structure

  1. Introduction (40–50 words): contextualise the topic, signal the two viewpoints, hint at your position.
  2. Body 1 (70–90 words): first key point — summarise concisely, then evaluate.
  3. Body 2 (70–90 words): second key point — same treatment, with linking back to the first.
  4. Conclusion (40–60 words): synthesise and state your reasoned position clearly.

Four paragraphs is the safest structure. Three works if your bodies are tightly integrated.

Sample task

Topic: Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer. (240–280 words)

Text 1 — The case for compulsory volunteering Requiring young people to complete community service before leaving school teaches responsibility, builds empathy and exposes them to lives unlike their own. Without such a structure, many would never encounter civic life until well into adulthood, by which point habits of disengagement are already entrenched. Compulsion is not coercion — it is a scaffold for citizenship.
Text 2 — Volunteering must be chosen The moment volunteering becomes mandatory, it ceases to be volunteering. Genuine civic engagement grows from personal conviction, not institutional obligation. Forced schemes risk producing resentful, clock-watching participants whose presence helps no one and whose later willingness to give freely is poisoned by the memory of being made to.
Model answer — band 5

The question of whether young people should be obliged to perform community service is one that touches on both pedagogy and ethics. The two texts approach it from sharply opposing angles, and while each makes a defensible case, neither tells the whole story.

The first text argues that compulsion serves as a productive scaffold: without it, many adolescents would simply never encounter the lives of those outside their immediate circle, and habits of civic disengagement would calcify before they had the chance to form better ones. There is undeniable force in this — schools already compel a great deal in the name of long-term benefit, and few would object to mandatory mathematics on the grounds of autonomy.

The second text counters that the very meaning of volunteering is corroded by obligation. A reluctant volunteer, on this view, helps no one, and may emerge actively hostile to future giving. This is a serious concern, but it overstates the case: many activities undertaken initially under duress — learning an instrument, for example — become genuine passions later.

In my view, the truth lies between these positions. Compulsion can usefully introduce young people to experiences they would not otherwise choose, but the framing matters enormously. A scheme that allows real choice within a required commitment — students selecting from a wide range of placements — captures the formative benefits without breeding the resentment the second writer rightly fears.

Word count: 268. Formal register, four-paragraph structure, both texts engaged with substantively, clear personal position argued throughout.

Useful language for Part 1

Summarising a source
  • The first writer contends that…
  • According to the second text…
  • The opening passage advances the view that…
  • The author of Text 2 takes issue with…
Evaluating
  • This argument has considerable force, yet…
  • While defensible, the claim overlooks…
  • There is undeniable merit in this position…
  • The reasoning is compelling up to a point…
Stating your view
  • To my mind, the more persuasive case is…
  • The truth, I would argue, lies between these positions…
  • On balance, I find myself drawn to…
  • My own conviction is that…
Linking and contrast
  • That said, …
  • By contrast, …
  • What both writers neglect, however, is…
  • This is not to deny that…

Choose one task from three

The exam offers three of the four task types below. Read all three carefully before choosing — pick the one whose context, reader and register you can handle most confidently, not just the one with the most familiar topic.

Article

Engaging Semi-formal

Articles are typically written for a magazine, website or college publication. They should catch the reader's attention and hold it: think direct address, rhetorical questions, vivid examples, a distinctive voice. Pure neutrality is the wrong register — examiners want to see personality and engagement.

What examiners want to see

  • An opening that pulls the reader in — a question, a confession, an unexpected claim
  • A distinctive voice — first-person is encouraged; bland neutrality is penalised
  • Concrete examples, not abstract generalisation
  • A memorable closing — a thought, a turn of phrase, a call to action
  • Sophisticated language used playfully where appropriate, not academically

Suggested structure

  1. Title (1 line): short, intriguing, sometimes playful — not a description.
  2. Hook (50–70 words): question, anecdote, surprising statement, vivid scene-setting.
  3. Development (2–3 paragraphs, 180–220 words): ideas grounded in concrete examples; vary sentence length for rhythm.
  4. Closing (40–60 words): a thought worth taking away — never a flat summary.

Sample task

An international magazine is running a series called Things Worth Slowing Down For. You decide to send in an article about an activity, place or experience that has taught you the value of taking your time. In your article, describe the experience and explain why you believe more people should make space for it in their lives.

Write your article in 280–320 words.

Model answer — band 5

The Thirty-Minute Coffee

When was the last time you drank a cup of coffee without also doing something else? Not glancing at your phone, not scrolling through headlines, not half-listening to a podcast — just drinking it. If you can't remember, you are in excellent company, and that is precisely the problem.

I used to be the worst offender. My mornings were a kind of frantic juggling act in which coffee was less a drink than a delivery system for caffeine, swallowed in gulps between tasks I had already half-begun. Then, on a stubborn whim, I decided to try something faintly ridiculous: thirty minutes, every morning, doing nothing but drinking one cup of coffee. No phone. No book. No conversation. Just the cup, the chair, and whatever was outside the window.

The first few days were excruciating. My hand twitched toward my pocket every ninety seconds. By the end of the week, something unexpected had happened: I noticed I was thinking. Not problem-solving, not planning — actually thinking, in the loose, drifting way that produces the best ideas and the most honest self-assessments. Half the things I now consider my best decisions began life in those thirty quiet minutes.

I am not suggesting that everyone needs a coffee ritual specifically. The point is that we have engineered almost every interval of stillness out of modern life, and we are paying for it in ways we have stopped noticing. Find your own thirty minutes. Guard them ferociously. You will be astonished at what your own mind does when you finally stop interrupting it.

Word count: 297. Engaging title, hook with direct reader address, personal anecdote with concrete sensory detail, broader argument emerging from the specific, memorable closing line.

Useful language for articles

Hooks & openings
  • When was the last time you…?
  • There is a particular kind of silence that…
  • Most people would call it dull. I call it indispensable.
  • I used to be the worst offender.
Engaging the reader
  • You may be wondering why…
  • Picture this: …
  • If you've ever felt that…, you'll understand.
  • Bear with me — there is a point coming.
Personal voice
  • I'll confess that, until recently, …
  • It took me far too long to realise…
  • What I had taken for X turned out to be Y.
  • On a stubborn whim, I decided to…
Memorable closings
  • You will be astonished at what…
  • The point is not X. The point is Y.
  • Find your own version. Guard it ferociously.
  • It is a small thing. It is also everything.

Letter

Formal

C2 letters are almost always formal: written to an editor, an organisation, a public official, or a company. They have a clear purpose — to complain, propose, request, respond, recommend. The reader is busy and senior; you must be courteous, organised and unambiguous.

What examiners want to see

  • The purpose stated immediately in the opening sentence
  • Consistent formal register — no contractions, no idioms, no chattiness
  • Logical paragraph progression: context → argument → action requested
  • A polite but firm tone — neither aggressive nor apologetic
  • Correct opening and closing conventions

Suggested structure

  1. Salutation: Dear Sir/Madam, or Dear [Title Surname],
  2. Opening (30–40 words): state your reason for writing in the first sentence.
  3. Background (60–80 words): the situation that prompted the letter.
  4. Main argument (120–150 words, 1–2 paragraphs): developed points with evidence or reasoning.
  5. Action requested (30–40 words): what you want the reader to do.
  6. Closing: Yours faithfully (Sir/Madam) / Yours sincerely (named).

Sample task

You recently read an article in an international newspaper claiming that public libraries are an outdated institution that should no longer receive government funding. You strongly disagree. Write a letter to the editor responding to the article, explaining your view and giving reasons why public libraries continue to play an essential role in modern society.

Write your letter in 280–320 words. Do not include postal addresses.

Model answer — band 5

Dear Sir,

I am writing in response to last Saturday's article, in which your columnist argued that public libraries have outlived their usefulness and should be removed from the public purse. I read the piece with considerable dismay and feel compelled to set out why I believe its central premise is profoundly mistaken.

Your columnist's argument rests on the assumption that the library's only function is the lending of books, and that since books are now widely available online, the institution is obsolete. This is a strikingly narrow view of what libraries actually do. In any town worth living in, the library is the one remaining public space that asks nothing of those who enter it — no purchase, no membership fee, no subscription. For children whose homes are too crowded to study in, for jobseekers who cannot afford internet at home, for elderly residents in search of warmth and company, the library is not a quaint relic but an indispensable part of daily life.

Nor is the lending function itself as redundant as your columnist suggests. The notion that everyone now reads digitally collapses on contact with the evidence: physical book sales remain robust, and lending figures at well-run libraries are rising, not falling. What has actually been cut is not demand but funding, and the resulting decline is then offered as proof that demand has vanished — a circular argument of the most convenient kind.

I would urge your newspaper to commission a piece that examines what libraries genuinely contribute, rather than dismissing them on the basis of an outdated caricature. Their loss would impoverish us in ways we would only fully grasp once it was too late.

Yours faithfully,
J. Reader

Word count: 309. Formal salutation and sign-off, purpose stated in sentence one, two substantive argument paragraphs each refuting a specific claim, polite but firm tone throughout, clear action requested in the closing.

Useful language for letters

Opening formally
  • I am writing in response to…
  • I read with considerable concern your recent article…
  • I wish to express my strong disagreement with…
  • I feel compelled to write regarding…
Building an argument
  • It would be a grave error to assume that…
  • One need only consider… to see that…
  • Far from being obsolete, …
  • The argument rests on the assumption that…
Refuting
  • This collapses on contact with the evidence…
  • Such a view overlooks the fact that…
  • The reasoning is circular: …
  • Nothing could be further from the truth.
Closing & calls to action
  • I would urge you to…
  • I trust you will give this matter the attention it deserves.
  • I look forward to your considered response.
  • Yours faithfully, / Yours sincerely,

Report

Formal Factual

Reports are written for someone in a position of authority — a director, principal, committee — who needs information and recommendations. They are impersonal, structured with headings, and end with clear suggestions. Avoid the personal anecdotes and rhetorical flair appropriate to articles.

What examiners want to see

  • Section headings — visually distinct, signposting the content
  • Impersonal tone — passive constructions, third person; avoid I think
  • Factual reporting in the body, with evaluation framed as findings
  • Concrete recommendations at the end — not vague aspirations
  • An introduction stating purpose, not a hook

Suggested structure

  1. Title at the top — descriptive, not playful.
  2. Introduction (40–50 words): the report's purpose and scope.
  3. Section 1 with heading (90–110 words): findings on the first area.
  4. Section 2 with heading (90–110 words): findings on the second area.
  5. Recommendations with heading (50–70 words): concrete, prioritised proposals.

Sample task

The international university where you are studying is considering ways to improve student wellbeing. The student welfare committee has asked you to write a report assessing two areas where current provision is weak and recommending practical improvements. Your report should describe the current situation, evaluate its effectiveness, and propose specific changes the committee could implement.

Write your report in 280–320 words.

Model answer — band 5

Report on Student Wellbeing Provision

Introduction
The purpose of this report is to identify two areas in which the university's current student wellbeing provision is falling short, and to propose practical improvements that the welfare committee could realistically implement within the next academic year.

Mental Health Support
The counselling service is widely regarded as understaffed, with waiting times of several weeks routinely reported. Students who do eventually secure an appointment describe the experience as helpful, but the delay frequently means that those in real difficulty disengage before help arrives. The current model — a single central office open during weekday office hours — also disadvantages students with heavy timetables, who cannot easily attend without missing classes. As a result, the service reaches a far narrower group than it should.

Physical Spaces for Rest
The campus offers virtually no quiet, non-academic spaces in which students can decompress between commitments. The library is reserved for study, the cafés are noisy, and the few common rooms that exist are in dated, uninviting buildings. Students consistently report having nowhere to go when they need a short, restorative break, which is widely understood to be a significant contributor to daytime fatigue and low mood.

Recommendations
It is recommended that the committee, firstly, expand the counselling team and introduce evening and online appointment slots; and secondly, designate two existing underused rooms as dedicated quiet spaces, furnished simply but comfortably. Both measures would be relatively low-cost and could be piloted within a single term.

Word count: 295. Title at top, four clearly headed sections, fully impersonal register throughout, factual tone with evaluation framed as findings, two specific costed-feeling recommendations.

Useful language for reports

Stating purpose
  • The purpose of this report is to…
  • This report aims to identify…
  • The following report sets out…
  • Drawing on…, this report examines…
Reporting findings
  • It was found that…
  • The majority of those consulted indicated…
  • Current provision falls short in two principal areas…
  • The evidence suggests that…
Evaluating impersonally
  • This is widely regarded as…
  • The current arrangement is generally felt to…
  • There is broad agreement that…
  • Concerns have been raised regarding…
Recommending
  • It is recommended that…
  • The committee should consider…
  • A first step would be to…
  • These measures could be piloted within…

Review

Engaging Semi-formal

Reviews appear in magazines, websites and student publications. They cover books, films, restaurants, courses, exhibitions, products. A review is not just description — it must describe, evaluate, and end with a clear recommendation aimed at a specific reader.

What examiners want to see

  • A clear sense of what the thing is — title, creator, type — without dwelling on plot summary
  • Evaluation that goes beyond "good"/"bad" — specific strengths, specific weaknesses
  • Personal voice with critical authority — confident but not pompous
  • A recommendation tied to a specific reader — not "everyone will love this"
  • A balance of praise and qualification — pure enthusiasm reads as immature

Suggested structure

  1. Title (1 line): often a witty headline rather than the work's name.
  2. Brief context (40–60 words): what it is, who made it, when — without spoiling.
  3. Strengths (90–110 words): what works, with specifics.
  4. Qualifications (60–80 words): what doesn't quite land, honestly assessed.
  5. Recommendation (40–60 words): who should pick this up, and why.

Sample task

An English-language website is publishing reviews of books that readers feel have been wrongly overlooked. Write a review of a book that you believe deserves a wider readership. Describe what the book is about, explain why you think it has been undervalued, and recommend the kind of reader who would most benefit from picking it up.

Write your review in 280–320 words.

Model answer — band 5

The Quiet Masterpiece Nobody Talks About

Penelope Fitzgerald's The Bookshop, first published in 1978, is one of the slimmest novels ever to be shortlisted for the Booker Prize, and almost certainly one of the most underrated. In barely 150 pages it tells the story of a widow who opens a bookshop in a small English coastal town, and is gradually destroyed for it.

What sets the book apart is its astonishing economy. Fitzgerald never wastes a sentence, and her best paragraphs accomplish in three lines what other novelists labour for whole chapters to achieve. The town is rendered with quiet, devastating precision: every shopkeeper, every gossip, every petty official is recognisable within a single line of dialogue. Beneath the surface comedy of village life, the book is doing something far more serious — examining how communities tolerate, then resent, then quietly crush anyone who tries to do something genuinely worthwhile.

For all its virtues, the novel is not for everyone. Readers expecting a dramatic plot or a satisfying resolution will close it bewildered: Fitzgerald is uninterested in either. The pleasures here are slower and more austere, and the ending is, by design, almost cruel in its understatement. Some find this unforgivable.

I would recommend The Bookshop unreservedly to anyone who loves writers like William Trevor or Anita Brookner — readers who already know that quiet books can hit hardest of all. Anyone weary of contemporary novels that feel padded by a hundred pages will find it a small, sharp revelation. It is a book that rewards a second reading more than almost any I know.

Word count: 298. Witty headline title, brief context without spoilers, substantial paragraph of specific strengths, honest qualification of who won't enjoy it, recommendation tied to a specific reader profile.

Useful language for reviews

Praising specifically
  • What sets this apart is…
  • Few writers manage to…
  • It rewards patience handsomely.
  • The best paragraphs accomplish in three lines what others…
Qualifying / criticising
  • For all its virtues, the book is not without flaws…
  • The middle chapters lose some of the urgency…
  • Readers expecting… may be disappointed.
  • Some find this unforgivable; I do not.
Critical authority
  • Beneath the surface, the book is doing something far more serious…
  • Rendered with quiet, devastating precision…
  • One of the most underrated [works] of its decade…
  • The pleasures here are slower and more austere…
Recommending
  • I would recommend this unreservedly to anyone who…
  • It will appeal particularly to readers of…
  • If you have ever wondered…, this is the book for you.
  • A small, sharp revelation for the right reader.

The four assessment criteria

Cambridge examiners score every Writing task on four equally weighted criteria, each on a 0–5 scale. That gives a maximum of 20 marks per task, and 40 marks for the paper. Crucially, no single criterion can rescue you if another is weak — a brilliant essay with serious organisation problems cannot reach band 5.

Content

0–5 marks

Have you done what the task asked? Examiners check that all required points are covered, that nothing essential is missing, and that the target reader would be informed/persuaded/entertained as appropriate. Off-topic content, missing requirements, or excessive irrelevance loses marks here.

5All content relevant; target reader fully informed.
3Minor irrelevances or omissions; target reader on the whole informed.
1Significant irrelevance and omissions; target reader minimally informed.

Communicative Achievement

0–5 marks

Is the register and tone right for the genre and reader? A C2 candidate is expected to handle complex ideas appropriately and to communicate them with the conventions of the chosen task type. A formal letter that drifts into informality, or an article with no engaging features, is penalised here regardless of how accurate the language is.

5Conventions of the task used with sophistication; communicates straightforward and complex ideas effectively.
3Conventions used appropriately; communicates straightforward and some complex ideas.
1Conventions of the task used to hold the target reader's attention with limited success.

Organisation

0–5 marks

Is the text coherently structured and logically connected? Examiners look at paragraphing, the flow of ideas, and the use of cohesive devices — but importantly, they reward variety and subtlety, not the over-use of obvious linkers. A C2 essay should not read like a list of "Firstly… Secondly… In conclusion".

5Highly cohesive and well-organised; uses a variety of cohesive devices and organisational patterns to generally good effect.
3Generally well-organised and coherent; uses a variety of linking words and cohesive devices.
1Connected and coherent, using basic linking words and a limited number of cohesive devices.

Language

0–5 marks

How wide and accurate is your range? Examiners reward precision of vocabulary, sophistication of grammatical structures, and natural collocation. Errors only matter if they impede communication or suggest gaps in core control — ambitious attempts that don't quite land are not heavily penalised at C2.

5Wide range of vocabulary, including less common lexis, used appropriately; wide range of simple and complex grammatical forms used with full control, flexibility and sophistication.
3Range of vocabulary, including less common lexis, used appropriately; range of simple and some complex grammatical forms used with control and flexibility.
1Everyday vocabulary used appropriately; everyday grammatical forms used with a good degree of control.

What this means for your writing

  • Don't sacrifice one for another. A linguistically dazzling essay that ignores half the task scores no higher than 3 on Content, capping your overall mark.
  • Match the genre. A report that reads like an article will lose marks on Communicative Achievement even if everything else is perfect.
  • Vary your linkers. "Furthermore… Moreover… In addition…" three times in one paragraph is a band-3 marker, not band 5.
  • Reach upward in language. Examiners explicitly reward attempts at less common lexis and complex structures, even when not flawless.
  • Plan for completeness. Before writing, list the things the task requires you to do — then tick them off as you draft.

See real assessments in action

Below are fifteen student answers — three for each task type — marked against the four Cambridge criteria. Each task has three score bands: Weak (6–10), Solid (11–14), and Strong (15–19). Every answer is the work of a genuine C2 candidate, but each band demonstrates a different kind of failure or success: where weaker answers go wrong (comprehension lapses, genre confusion, lost tempers), what holds mid-band work back from the top, and what makes upper-band writing genuinely strong. The point is not to show you bad writing — it's to show you what each band actually looks like in practice, and where each of the four criteria bites. Your own writing will probably resemble one of these more closely than it resembles the polished band-5 models in the Part 1 and Part 2 tabs.

Weak band Total: 8/20

Task: Compulsory volunteering for young people

Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer. (240–280 words)

Text 1 argues that requiring young people to do community service builds responsibility and citizenship; compulsion is a useful scaffold. Text 2 argues that the moment volunteering becomes mandatory it ceases to be volunteering, breeds resentment and poisons future willingness to give freely.

Student answer — 248 words

The two texts both deal with the interesting question of whether young people should do community service or not. This is a question that many schools and governments are currently discussing, and there are strong opinions on both sides.

The first text presents the case in favour of compulsory community service. The author believes that without obligation, young people will become selfish and disconnected from society. Schools, the writer argues, should impose this kind of activity in the same way they impose other things, because it is for the long-term good of the students.

The second text takes a similar position, agreeing that young people benefit from being pushed to do things that are good for them. The writer points out that many young people initially resist community service but later come to appreciate the experience, and that this kind of forced engagement is what produces good citizens in the end.

In conclusion, both writers agree that compulsory volunteering is a valuable practice that should be encouraged, and I find their arguments convincing. Personally, I believe that the modern world has too many distractions for young people, and that without some structure imposed by adults, many of them would simply spend their time on their phones or playing video games. Forcing them to engage with their communities, even against their will, is therefore a positive thing. The benefits, both for the young people themselves and for society as a whole, are too important to leave to personal choice.

Content 1 / 5

A serious comprehension failure undermines the entire answer. The candidate states that "the second text takes a similar position" to the first — but Text 2 in fact argues the exact opposite, that compulsion destroys the meaning of volunteering and breeds resentment. The candidate has either skim-read the texts or chosen to ignore the second writer's argument because it inconvenienced their own opinion. The result is an essay that fails to engage with one of the two required sources, and the target reader would be actively misled about what Text 2 says.

Communicative Achievement 2 / 5

The register is broadly appropriate for a discursive essay and the candidate uses essay conventions (introduction, body, conclusion, personal opinion). However, the conclusion contradicts the task: the candidate concludes that "both writers agree", which is factually wrong, so the reader is left without any sense of the actual debate the texts present. A discursive essay that summarises both texts as agreeing when they don't is fundamentally failing the genre.

Organisation 3 / 5

A clear four-paragraph structure with logical progression from introduction to text 1 to text 2 to opinion. Cohesion within paragraphs is reasonable. Organisation is the only criterion not pulled down by the comprehension error, because the architecture itself works regardless of whether the content is accurate.

Language 2 / 5

Grammar is largely accurate and sentences are fluent. However, the vocabulary stays firmly in the comfort zone — interesting question, strong opinions, similar position, valuable practice, positive thing, too important — with almost no attempt at less common lexis. Structures are simple and coordinated; there are no concession patterns, no inversion, no nominalisation. The language is functional but unmistakably below the C2 ceiling.

Examiner total 8 / 20

The clearest illustration on this page of how a single comprehension failure can sink an entire answer. The candidate writes fluent, organised English — the bones of a passable essay are clearly there — but has misread Text 2 so badly that the essay summarises it as the opposite of what it actually argues. Content and Communicative Achievement both crash because the discursive task requires accurate engagement with both texts. The lesson: always check that your summary of each text is actually correct before you write your opinion.

Solid band Total: 11/20

Task: Compulsory volunteering for young people

Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer. (240–280 words)

Text 1 argues that requiring young people to do community service builds responsibility and citizenship; compulsion is a useful scaffold. Text 2 argues that the moment volunteering becomes mandatory it ceases to be volunteering, breeds resentment and poisons future willingness to give freely.

Student answer — 242 words

The question of whether young people should be required to perform community service is one that has provoked considerable debate in recent years, and the two texts approach this issue from sharply opposing positions, each presenting arguments that, on the surface, appear quite persuasive.

The first author argues that compulsion provides young people with a kind of moral framework, claiming that without such structures many adolescents would drift into self-absorbed indifference. There is something to be said for this view, particularly in an age when social bonds seem increasingly fragile, and one cannot help but acknowledge that schools have always imposed things on their pupils for what they consider their long-term benefit, regardless of whether the pupils themselves agree at the time.

The second writer, by contrast, takes the opposite view, insisting that the very meaning of voluntary action disappears the moment it becomes obligatory. This is a compelling line of reasoning, and one that resonates with anyone who values personal autonomy as a foundation of ethical behaviour.

Personally, I find myself inclining more strongly towards the first position. It seems to me that adolescents often lack the perspective necessary to recognise what is genuinely in their own best interests, and that a degree of well-intentioned pressure may therefore prove not merely acceptable but positively desirable. Forcing young people to engage with their communities, even reluctantly, is more likely to produce thoughtful adults than leaving the matter entirely to their own inclinations.

Content 2 / 5

Content is the weakest area. Both texts are referenced, but engagement is superficial: Text 1 is reduced to "compulsion as a moral framework" and Text 2 to a generic appeal to autonomy. Crucially, the central argument of Text 2 — that forced volunteering poisons future willingness to give freely — is missed entirely. The personal opinion is asserted rather than argued; "well-intentioned pressure" is a label, not a reason. Beneath the polished phrasing, the essay is doing very little intellectual work.

Communicative Achievement 3 / 5

The register is appropriately formal and the conventions of the discursive essay are clearly understood. However, the writing leans towards self-conscious elegance: "moral framework", "drift into self-absorbed indifference", "the very meaning of voluntary action disappears the moment it becomes obligatory". A C2 examiner reads this as a candidate dressing up thin content in elevated phrasing — an instinct that holds the score in the middle band.

Organisation 3 / 5

A clean four-paragraph structure mapping logically onto introduction, Text 1, Text 2, and personal opinion. Cohesive devices are varied and largely well-chosen ("by contrast", "personally", "it seems to me that"). The architecture is sound; the issue is that the two body paragraphs sit in parallel rather than being integrated, with little cross-referencing between them.

Language 3 / 5

A good range of vocabulary and complex grammatical structures is in evidence — relative clauses, participle constructions, fronted adverbials. However, the reach exceeds the grasp in places: "personally, I find myself inclining" piles on hedges, "well-intentioned pressure" hovers awkwardly between euphemism and contradiction, and "engaging with their communities, even reluctantly" undercuts the candidate's own argument. The lexis is ambitious but the precision sometimes wobbles.

Examiner total 11 / 20

A textbook example of the C2 "purple prose trap" — ambitious vocabulary and complex structures used to disguise the fact that the candidate has not actually engaged with what the texts argue. Examiners are trained to see through this. The route to band 4 here runs not through more sophisticated language (the language is already busy enough) but through fewer words doing more work: precise engagement with what each writer specifically claims, real evaluation rather than gestures towards it, and a personal opinion supported by reasoning rather than asserted in fine phrases.

Strong band Total: 16/20

Task: Compulsory volunteering for young people

Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answer. (240–280 words)

Text 1 argues that requiring young people to do community service builds responsibility and citizenship; compulsion is a useful scaffold. Text 2 argues that the moment volunteering becomes mandatory it ceases to be volunteering, breeds resentment and poisons future willingness to give freely.

Student answer — 261 words

The question of whether young people should be required to perform community service touches on a genuine tension in any liberal society: between the freedom of the individual and the duty of institutions to shape the citizens they will release into the world. The two texts stake out opposing answers to this tension, and both, in their different ways, are partly right.

The first writer makes the case that compulsion serves as a kind of formative scaffolding: that without it, many young people would simply never encounter civic life at all, and habits of disengagement would set in before alternatives could be discovered. There is real force in this. Schools already compel a great deal in the name of long-term benefit, and few would object to mandatory mathematics on grounds of autonomy.

The second writer counters that the very act of compelling volunteering destroys what makes it valuable, and, crucially, that resentment built up under coercion is likely to poison the candidate's willingness to give freely later in life. This is a more troubling objection than the first writer acknowledges: it suggests that compulsion may not merely fail to produce committed citizens but actively prevent them.

On balance, I find myself drawn to a middle position. Compulsion can usefully introduce young people to experiences they would never choose, but the second writer is right that the framing matters enormously. A scheme offering real choice within a required commitment, with students selecting from a wide menu of placements, captures the formative benefits without breeding the lasting resentment that would otherwise undo them.

Content 4 / 5

Both texts are engaged with substantively and accurately, including Text 2's central point about future willingness being poisoned — the very point that lower-band candidates routinely miss. The candidate's own position is genuinely synthesised from the two arguments rather than asserted alongside them, and the proposed compromise (choice within compulsion) emerges from the analysis rather than being tacked on. A band-5 answer would push the synthesis a little further, but this is genuinely strong.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

The register is appropriately formal throughout and the conventions of the discursive essay are confidently handled. The voice is analytical rather than rhetorical, the evaluation is genuine, and the conclusion arrives at a position rather than restating the arguments. A minor slip: "the candidate's willingness" in paragraph three is an awkward formulation borrowed from exam-prep materials where "their willingness" would have been cleaner.

Organisation 4 / 5

Excellent organisation: four well-balanced paragraphs that move from establishing the tension to engaging with each text in turn to arriving at a synthesised position. Crucially, the two body paragraphs are integrated rather than parallel — the third paragraph explicitly builds on the second ("a more troubling objection than the first writer acknowledges") — which is the move that distinguishes upper-band essays from middle-band ones.

Language 4 / 5

A genuinely wide vocabulary used with mostly secure control: formative scaffolding, habits of disengagement, set in, on grounds of autonomy, breeding the lasting resentment. Complex grammatical structures are handled naturally, including a fronted adverbial ("On balance") and a participle clause ("offering real choice within a required commitment"). A minor wobble: "stake out opposing answers" in the opening is slightly mannered, and "captures the formative benefits without breeding" reuses "breeding" too soon after the previous paragraph.

Examiner total 16 / 20

A genuinely upper-band answer — four criteria all at band 4. The candidate has properly understood both texts, integrated them rather than treating them as parallel, and arrived at a synthesised personal position. The route from here to band 5 runs through tighter language precision and slightly more elegant vocabulary management; the analytical work is already at band-5 level.

Weak band Total: 9/20

Task: Things Worth Slowing Down For

An international magazine is running a series called Things Worth Slowing Down For. Write an article about an activity, place or experience that has taught you the value of taking your time. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 281 words

Slow down and smell the roses

How often do you stop to appreciate the beautiful things in life? In our modern, fast-paced world, the answer for most of us is probably: not often enough. We are constantly racing from one task to the next, glued to our phones, and missing the magic that surrounds us every single day. It is high time we did something about it.

For me, the activity that has truly opened my eyes to the value of slowing down is going for long walks in nature. There is something magical about being surrounded by trees and birdsong that simply cannot be replicated by any modern technology. Time seems to stand still, and you suddenly remember what really matters in life.

Of course, I know what you are thinking. "I don't have time for long walks!" But that is precisely the point. We always say we are too busy, but the truth is that we make time for the things we really care about. If we cared about our wellbeing as much as we care about our jobs, we would all be much happier and healthier people.

So, dear reader, my message to you is simple: put down your phone, step outside, and take a walk. It does not have to be in a beautiful forest. Even a local park will do. The important thing is to disconnect from the noise of modern life and reconnect with yourself. You will be amazed at how different you feel afterwards. Trust me, your mind, body and soul will thank you for it. After all, life is in truth not a race. It is in fact a journey to be enjoyed.

Content 2 / 5

An activity is identified (walking in nature) and a recommendation is made. However, the prompt asks for an "experience that has taught you" the value of taking your time — a specific moment, an anecdote, a turning point — and the candidate has not provided one. There is no scene, no sensory detail, no story. The piece is built entirely from generalisations and stock observations. The target reader of a magazine series would learn nothing the writer hasn't read in a hundred wellness articles already.

Communicative Achievement 3 / 5

The conventions of an article are recognised — direct address to the reader, rhetorical questions, an attempt at a hook. However, the execution is almost entirely clichéd: "smell the roses", "fast-paced world", "magic that surrounds us", "what really matters in life", "mind, body and soul", "life is not a race", "a journey to be enjoyed". A piece built from greeting-card phrases will not hold a magazine reader, however appropriate the genre signals are. The voice is generic.

Organisation 2 / 5

Four paragraphs are present and the topic stays consistent, but there is little real progression — paragraphs two and four say essentially the same thing twice, and the imagined objection in paragraph three ("I don't have time for long walks!") is dispatched in a single sentence rather than being developed. The article reads as a list of feelings about walking rather than as a structured piece building towards a point.

Language 2 / 5

Grammar is mostly accurate and the sentences flow. However, the vocabulary is heavily reliant on stock wellness-blog phrasing — truly opened my eyes, magical, time seems to stand still, what really matters, disconnect from the noise, reconnect with yourself. There is no less common lexis, no precise word choice, and the dominant register is that of the inspirational social-media post. At C2, this language sits firmly in the lower band.

Examiner total 9 / 20

A weak C2 article that gets the genre signals right but the substance wrong. The candidate has clearly studied article conventions — there is a hook, direct address, rhetorical questions, a closing call to action — but the content is built from clichés and the language never reaches above wellness-blog level. The lesson: article conventions without specific content and precise language are not enough. A magazine reader needs to encounter a real person, a real moment, real sensory detail. None of those are here.

Solid band Total: 12/20

Task: Things Worth Slowing Down For

An international magazine is running a series called Things Worth Slowing Down For. Write an article about an activity, place or experience that has taught you the value of taking your time. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 285 words

The lost art of unhurried reading

It is hard to deny that modern life has been steadily eroding our capacity for slow, careful thought. Surrounded as we are by an endless stream of notifications, headlines and short clips, we have lost not only the time to read at length, but also, more worryingly, the patience to do so. Our attention spans have shrunk dramatically over the past decade, and with them something rather more valuable than mere convenience.

Reading a long novel slowly, by which I mean over the course of weeks rather than days, taking time to absorb each chapter properly, is an activity that has fallen badly out of fashion. The publishing industry rewards brevity, the algorithm rewards speed, and anyone who lingers over a book is increasingly seen as something of an oddity. Yet there is, I would argue, no real substitute for this kind of slow engagement with a text. It builds patience, deepens empathy, and trains the mind in ways that no podcast or video essay can really match.

The benefits, moreover, extend well beyond the literary. People who read slowly tend, in my experience, to think slowly as well, and slow thinking, as plenty of psychologists have shown, is the basis for genuinely creative work. Quick thinking is for emergencies; slow thinking is for everything that actually matters.

It is therefore my firm belief that the practice of slow reading deserves not only to be defended but actively encouraged. In a culture that worships efficiency above almost everything else, the deliberate inefficiency of staying with a single book for a month begins to look less like a quaint indulgence and more like a small but necessary act of resistance.

Content 3 / 5

An activity (slow reading) is identified and the case for it is made. However, the prompt specifically asks for an "experience that has taught you" the value of taking your time — a personal turning point, a moment, an anecdote. The candidate has not described any such experience; the entire piece is abstract argument. The reader learns what the writer thinks about slow reading, but never sees them doing it. The "you" of the task brief — your own teaching experience — is absent.

Communicative Achievement 2 / 5

This is, in genre terms, an essay rather than an article. A magazine article calls for direct address, voice, hooks, vivid scenes and a sense of someone speaking to the reader. What we have here is a formal opinion piece — eloquent, but consistently in the third person, without a single rhetorical question, anecdote, or moment of personal disclosure. The title is the only article-like feature. A magazine reader would not be held by this; they would feel they had stumbled into a lecture.

Organisation 4 / 5

Excellent organisation — four well-balanced paragraphs progressing from premise to argument to evidence to conclusion. Cohesion is varied and unobtrusive ("by which I mean", "moreover", "in my experience", "it is therefore"). This is the answer's strongest criterion.

Language 3 / 5

A genuinely wide vocabulary is in evidence — endless stream, fallen badly out of fashion, slow engagement, deliberate inefficiency, quaint indulgence — alongside complex grammatical structures handled with reasonable control. However, the reach occasionally overshoots: "shrunk dramatically over the past decade" sounds borrowed from a news article rather than personal observation, "in my experience" / "my firm belief" pile up self-conscious hedges, and "small but necessary act of resistance" is the kind of borrowed phrase that examiners notice. Less common lexis is attempted but not always with secure control of register.

Examiner total 12 / 20

A clear illustration of how a strong candidate can lose marks by writing the wrong genre. The language and organisation are in the upper-middle range, but Communicative Achievement is pulled down to band 2 because this is a formal essay masquerading as a magazine article — exactly the inverse of what the task asked for. The lesson: at C2, knowing what the task is matters as much as knowing how to write well.

Strong band Total: 16/20

Task: Things Worth Slowing Down For

An international magazine is running a series called Things Worth Slowing Down For. Write an article about an activity, place or experience that has taught you the value of taking your time. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 289 words

The thirty-minute coffee

For most of my twenties, I drank coffee the way most people now drink coffee: in fast, distracted gulps, between tasks I had already half-begun, with one eye on the kettle and the other on my phone. Coffee, in those years, was less a drink than a delivery system for caffeine. Then, a few summers ago, on the kind of stubborn whim one gets after reading too many self-help articles, I decided to try something faintly absurd: thirty minutes, every morning, doing nothing but drinking one cup of coffee. No phone. No book. No music. Just the cup, the chair, and whatever happened to be outside the window.

The first three days were almost unbearable. My hand twitched towards my pocket every ninety seconds, my brain produced an endless stream of urgent tasks I should have been doing instead, and I found myself staring at the wall with the distinct sense that I was wasting my life. By day five, something unexpected had begun to happen. I noticed that I was thinking, not problem-solving, not planning, but actually thinking, in the slow, drifting way that produces honest self-assessments and the occasional good idea. A surprising number of decisions I now consider important started in that quiet half-hour with the cup.

I am not suggesting that everyone needs a coffee ritual specifically. The point is something more uncomfortable: that we have engineered almost every interval of stillness out of modern life, and we are paying for it in ways we have stopped noticing. Find your own thirty minutes: bath, walk, garden, train window, whatever you can defend. Guard them ferociously. You will be quietly astonished at what your own mind does when you finally stop interrupting it.

Content 4 / 5

All required elements substantively addressed. The candidate identifies a specific activity, describes a real personal experience (with concrete detail — "my hand twitched towards my pocket every ninety seconds", "by day five"), and explains why others should make space for it. The target reader of a magazine series would be both engaged and persuaded. The recommendation is properly generalised at the end without losing the specificity of the lived experience.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

Excellent handling of the article genre. The opening hook is specific and lived-in rather than abstract; the voice is distinctive (slightly self-deprecating, dry); the closing — "you will be quietly astonished at what your own mind does when you finally stop interrupting it" — lingers. Sensory and behavioural detail anchor the piece in a real person rather than a generic "we". A magazine editor would be delighted to commission more from this writer.

Organisation 4 / 5

Three well-balanced paragraphs moving from setup (the old habit) to anecdote (the experiment and what happened) to broader reflection (the wider point and the call to action). The narrative arc is properly built; the closing paragraph explicitly resists a too-tidy summary. Cohesion is varied and unobtrusive throughout.

Language 4 / 5

A wide vocabulary used with confident precision: delivery system for caffeine, stubborn whim, faintly absurd, distinct sense, slow, drifting way, engineered almost every interval of stillness, defend, guard them ferociously. Complex grammatical structures are handled naturally — fronted adverbials, participle clauses, parenthetical asides, controlled sentence-length variation. A minor slip: "an endless stream of urgent tasks" is a borrowed phrase the candidate could have improved on.

Examiner total 16 / 20

An upper-band answer — four criteria all at band 4. The candidate writes with genuine personality, builds a real anecdote with concrete detail, and lands a recommendation that comes out of the lived experience rather than being grafted on. The route to band 5 runs through one or two more lexical risks and a slightly tighter opening; everything else is already there.

Weak band Total: 9/20

Task: In defence of public libraries

Write a letter to the editor of an international newspaper responding to an article that claimed public libraries are outdated and should not receive government funding. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 298 words

Dear Editor,

I am writing to express my absolute outrage at the article published in your newspaper last weekend, in which one of your columnists had the audacity to claim that public libraries are no longer needed and should not receive government funding. Frankly, I have rarely read such a foolish and ill-informed piece of journalism in my life, and I am genuinely shocked that your newspaper saw fit to publish it.

The author of this piece clearly has no idea what he or she is talking about. Has this person ever actually set foot inside a library? It is obvious that they have not, because anyone who had would know that libraries are full of people every single day: students studying, jobseekers using the computers, parents reading to their children, elderly people enjoying the warmth and the company of others. To describe such an institution as "outdated" is not just wrong, it is deeply insulting to the millions of ordinary people who depend on it every week of their lives. I find it almost impossible to believe that anyone could write such a thing in good faith.

Furthermore, the suggestion that libraries should lose their funding is the kind of short-sighted, mean-spirited nonsense we have come to expect from politicians and journalists who care more about saving a few pounds than about looking after ordinary people in their own communities. I would absolutely love to see your columnist come down to my local library in person and explain to my eighty-year-old neighbour, who goes there every single day without fail, that her favourite place in the entire world is "no longer needed".

I sincerely hope that in future your newspaper will publish more thoughtful and better-researched articles on this important topic.

Yours faithfully,
An angry library user

Content 3 / 5

The candidate responds to the article, states their disagreement, and gives reasons why libraries matter. The required elements are present in a basic form. However, the response is almost entirely emotional rather than argumentative, and the specific claims of the original article are never engaged with — only attacked. The target reader (the editor) would learn that the writer is angry, but not why the original argument is actually wrong.

Communicative Achievement 1 / 5

The register is fundamentally wrong for a letter to a newspaper editor. "Absolute outrage", "had the audacity", "such a foolish and ill-informed piece", "no idea what he or she is talking about", "short-sighted nonsense", "An angry library user" — this is the language of a rant, not a formal letter. Personal attacks on the columnist replace engagement with their argument. A letter that opens with the writer's outrage and closes with them signing off as "angry" cannot reach a senior editor in good order, and would in practice not be published. The genre conventions are violated from the first line to the last.

Organisation 3 / 5

A clear paragraph structure with appropriate salutation and sign-off, and the argument progresses logically enough from outrage to defence to call to action. Cohesion within paragraphs is reasonable. Organisation is the only criterion not pulled down by the register failure.

Language 2 / 5

Grammar is largely accurate. However, the vocabulary is dominated by intensifiers and emotive labels rather than precise argument: absolute outrage, audacity, foolish, ill-informed, genuinely shocked, no idea, short-sighted nonsense, insulting. There is no less common lexis used appropriately — the lexical range is narrow because the candidate is reaching for emotional impact rather than discursive precision. Complex structures are largely absent.

Examiner total 9 / 20

A textbook example of how losing your temper costs marks. The candidate is fluent and the structure is sound, but the entire letter is written in the register of a complaint rather than an argument. Every emotional intensifier ("absolute outrage", "frankly", "insulting") is doing work that a band-4 letter would assign to evidence and reasoning instead. The lesson: at C2, the angrier you sound, the lower you score. A formal letter requires you to make your case in spite of your feelings, not because of them.

Solid band Total: 14/20

Task: In defence of public libraries

Write a letter to the editor of an international newspaper responding to an article that claimed public libraries are outdated and should not receive government funding. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 293 words

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing in response to last weekend's editorial, in which your columnist made the bold claim that public libraries are an institution whose time has passed and which should therefore no longer receive government support. As a long-standing user of my local library, I feel I must take issue with this view, which strikes me as both historically short-sighted and rather out of touch with how libraries actually function today.

Your columnist's central argument, that libraries exist purely to lend books, and that this function has been made redundant by the internet, rests on a remarkably narrow view of what these institutions do. In every community I have lived in, the library has served a far broader purpose: a free workspace for jobseekers, a quiet refuge for students whose homes are too crowded for study, a meeting point for elderly residents who would otherwise see no one for days at a time, and, not least, the only public building one can enter without being expected to spend money. To dismiss all of this as nostalgia is to misunderstand what a library actually does.

Furthermore, the claim that demand has collapsed is, on closer inspection, the result of a circular argument: funding has been cut, opening hours have been reduced, and the predictable drop in usage is then offered as proof that the public no longer cares. Where libraries have been properly funded, the figures tell quite a different story.

I would urge your newspaper to commission a more balanced piece on this topic, one that draws on actual evidence rather than fashionable assumptions. The loss of our libraries would impoverish public life in ways we would only fully appreciate once it was too late.

Yours faithfully,
L. Marston

Content 4 / 5

All required elements are present and well-developed. The candidate engages directly with the original article's specific claims (libraries-as-book-lenders, the decline-in-demand narrative) rather than responding generically, marshals concrete examples, and ends with a clear, polite request for action. The target reader (the editor) would be both informed and persuaded.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

The conventions of the formal letter are confidently handled: appropriate salutation and sign-off, purpose stated immediately, polite-but-firm tone maintained throughout, and a clear sense of the writer addressing a senior reader. A minor slip: "rather out of touch with how libraries actually function today" sits a touch closer to opinion-column than to letter-to-the-editor diplomacy, where a band-5 answer would phrase the same point more neutrally.

Organisation 3 / 5

Logical paragraph progression — opening, refutation of premise, refutation of evidence, call to action — and cohesion within paragraphs is reasonably varied. However, the connections between paragraphs lean on standard markers (Furthermore, I would urge) and the second paragraph runs slightly long; a band-5 letter would integrate ideas more smoothly across paragraphs rather than presenting each refutation in its own self-contained block.

Language 3 / 5

A good range of vocabulary and structures: take issue with, made redundant, circular argument, fashionable assumptions, properly funded. Complex grammatical forms are used with control. However, "remarkably narrow view" comes close on the heels of "the bold claim", giving the opening a slightly mannered feel; "nostalgia" is used loosely (the columnist did not actually invoke nostalgia); and the closing sentence is a touch heavier than necessary. The lexis is genuinely C2 but the precision wavers.

Examiner total 14 / 20

A solid mid-band answer that does most things well. Content and Communicative Achievement are genuinely strong; Organisation and Language sit in the middle band because of small but consistent imprecisions. The route to band 5 here runs through tighter prose — fewer mannered hedges, more precise word choice, and slightly more elegant inter-paragraph cohesion. The bones are good.

Strong band Total: 15/20

Task: In defence of public libraries

Write a letter to the editor of an international newspaper responding to an article that claimed public libraries are outdated and should not receive government funding. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 288 words

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing in response to last weekend's editorial, in which your columnist argued that public libraries have become an institution whose time has passed and which can no longer justify the public funding it receives. As a long-time user of my local library, and as someone who has watched the consequences of cuts to library services play out across several British towns, I would like to set out why this view, however fashionable, is mistaken on both empirical and democratic grounds.

The columnist's central premise is that libraries exist to lend books, and that this function has been made redundant by online resources. This is, on inspection, a remarkably narrow view of what libraries actually do. The library where I write is, on any given afternoon, full of jobseekers using free internet access they cannot afford at home, students whose flats are too small to study in, retirees attending free language classes, and parents bringing small children to weekend reading sessions. None of these activities can be replaced by an online catalogue, and several of them are explicitly designed to reach people for whom online access is itself a barrier.

The columnist's second claim, that demand has collapsed, is, on closer examination, the result of a circular argument. Funding has been cut, opening hours have been reduced, and the predictable drop in usage is then offered as proof that the public no longer cares. Where libraries have remained properly funded, the figures tell a markedly different story.

I would urge your newspaper to commission a more carefully evidenced piece on this question, one that begins from what libraries actually do, rather than from assumptions about what they once did.

Yours faithfully,
L. Marston

Content 4 / 5

All elements present and developed substantively. The candidate engages with the original article's specific claims — both the "books-only" premise and the "demand has collapsed" argument — refutes each one with specific evidence, and makes a clear, polite request for action. The target reader (the editor) is not only informed but given material that could plausibly inform an editorial decision. A band-5 answer would push the empirical claim further, but this is genuinely strong.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

The formal letter conventions are confidently handled throughout. The salutation and sign-off are appropriate, the purpose is stated immediately, and the tone is firm but diplomatic — the columnist is disagreed with rather than attacked, and the writer's credentials ("long-time user", "watched the consequences across several British towns") are stated without grandstanding. The closing call to action is precise and constructive.

Organisation 4 / 5

Excellent organisation: opening, refutation of premise, refutation of evidence, call to action. Each paragraph builds logically on the last and the cohesion is mostly invisible. The structural decision to address the columnist's two claims as separate paragraphs is the right one and is executed cleanly.

Language 3 / 5

A strong range of vocabulary and structures handled with mostly secure control: however fashionable, on empirical and democratic grounds, remarkably narrow view, circular argument, properly funded, markedly different story. Complex grammatical forms are deployed with confidence. However, "however fashionable" in the opening is slightly forced; "the figures tell a markedly different story" is a borrowed phrase; and "a more carefully evidenced piece" is heavier than necessary. The precision wavers in places where a band-5 answer would be tighter.

Examiner total 15 / 20

An upper-band letter — three criteria at band 4 because the candidate engages directly with the original article, marshals evidence rather than emotion, and maintains formal register throughout. Language sits at band 3 because of a few lexical wobbles. The route to band 5 runs through tighter word choice and more original phrasing; the argumentative work is already at the top of the scale.

Weak band Total: 8/20

Task: Improving student wellbeing

Write a report for your university's student welfare committee assessing two areas where current wellbeing provision is weak and recommending practical improvements. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 281 words

I have been asked by the welfare committee to write a report about how our university could improve student wellbeing, and after thinking about it carefully and talking to several of my friends, I have decided to focus on two areas that I believe are particularly weak at the moment.

The first area is mental health. I think that the counselling service at our university is simply not good enough. I tried to make an appointment last term and I was told the waiting list was over a month long, which is obviously useless if you actually need help quickly. Many of my friends have had similar experiences, and one of them gave up trying altogether because she could not face waiting that long. The university should really do something about this because mental health is so important nowadays.

The second problem is that there are not enough quiet places on campus where students can relax. The library is always full of people studying, the cafeterias are too noisy, and the common rooms are old and uncomfortable. When you have a long day of classes, you really need somewhere to sit quietly for a while, but there is nowhere to go.

In conclusion, I think the university should hire more counsellors so that students can get help when they need it, and they should also create some new quiet spaces, perhaps by renovating one of the old common rooms in the East Wing. These would be relatively easy changes to make, and they would help a lot of students. I really hope the welfare committee will consider these ideas seriously, because the wellbeing of students should always be a top priority.

Content 3 / 5

Two areas are identified, described and addressed with recommendations. The required content elements are present, and the welfare committee would have a clear sense of what the writer is concerned about. However, the evidence is entirely anecdotal ("I tried", "one of them gave up trying altogether"), and the recommendations are vague ("hire more counsellors", "create some new quiet spaces") rather than specific or costed.

Communicative Achievement 1 / 5

This is not a report. It is a personal essay or opinion piece. There is no title, no section headings, no introduction stating the purpose, and no separately framed recommendations section. The writing is entirely first-person ("I have been asked", "I think", "my friends", "I really hope") where a report demands impersonal phrasing throughout. Phrases like "obviously useless", "really need", "really do something" belong to spoken complaint, not formal reporting. The genre conventions are absent in almost every respect — only the content suggests this might once have been intended as a report.

Organisation 2 / 5

Four paragraphs are present in a logical introduction-problem-problem-conclusion order. However, without headings or any visual structure, the reader has to infer the organisation from the content alone, which a busy committee member would not do. The recommendations are smuggled into the conclusion rather than given their own section, and the introduction promises analysis the body never quite delivers.

Language 2 / 5

Grammar is largely accurate. However, the vocabulary is everyday throughout — not good enough, simply, obviously useless, really need, really do something, top priority — and the dominant register is conversational. There is almost no less common lexis appropriately deployed, and complex grammatical structures are absent. The language is fluent but operates well below the C2 ceiling.

Examiner total 8 / 20

A weak C2 answer that knows what to say but not how to say it. The candidate has identified two genuine issues and has reasonable ideas for fixing them, but has produced an opinion piece rather than a report. The genre conventions of a formal report — title, headings, impersonal voice, evidential framing, separate recommendations section — are entirely absent. The lesson: at C2, getting the genre wrong can cost you 4–5 marks on Communicative Achievement alone, even when your content is fine. Always check what kind of document the task is asking you to produce.

Solid band Total: 13/20

Task: Improving student wellbeing

Write a report for your university's student welfare committee assessing two areas where current wellbeing provision is weak and recommending practical improvements. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 282 words

Report on Student Wellbeing Provision

Introduction
The purpose of this report is to identify two areas in which current student wellbeing provision is widely felt to be inadequate, and to put forward concrete recommendations that the welfare committee might realistically consider implementing. The findings draw on informal consultations with students across several departments.

Mental Health Support
The most pressing concern raised by students relates to the counselling service, which is generally regarded as severely overstretched. Waiting times of up to eight weeks have become the norm, and many students report giving up on the process altogether before an appointment becomes available. The service is also only available during standard weekday hours, which effectively excludes those students whose timetables do not allow such absences. The combined effect is that the very students most in need of support are also the least able to access it.

Quiet Spaces on Campus
A second, less frequently discussed but no less important issue is the lack of dedicated quiet spaces in which students can take a proper break between classes. The library is reserved for academic work; the cafeterias are typically noisy and crowded; and the few common rooms still in use occupy old buildings that are no longer particularly welcoming. Students consistently describe having nowhere to go when they need a short, restorative break during a long day on campus.

Recommendations
It is therefore recommended that the committee, firstly, expand the counselling team and introduce both evening and online appointment slots; and secondly, designate two of the underused rooms in the East Wing as dedicated quiet zones, simply but comfortably furnished. Both measures could be piloted within a single academic term and at relatively modest cost.

Content 4 / 5

All required elements present and well-developed: two distinct areas identified, each described, evaluated and supported with concrete observations, and two clear, costed-feeling recommendations. The target reader (the welfare committee) would be fully informed and given actionable proposals.

Communicative Achievement 3 / 5

The conventions of a formal report are well handled: title, headings, impersonal phrasing throughout, an introductory statement of purpose, and a properly framed recommendations section. However, the register occasionally drifts towards essay-like phrasing inappropriate for a report: "the very students most in need of support are also the least able to access it" is rhetorically neat but reads more like an opinion piece than a factual finding. A band-4 report would maintain a more neutral, evidential tone throughout.

Organisation 4 / 5

Strong organisation: the four headed sections map cleanly onto the task requirements, the recommendations correspond directly to the two problems identified, and the introduction frames the scope. Cohesion within sections is varied and unobtrusive. This is the answer's strongest criterion.

Language 2 / 5

A reasonable vocabulary and complex structures are attempted, but the precision is repeatedly off: "no longer particularly welcoming" is vague where a report would normally be specific (dated, in poor repair); "take a proper break between classes" is closer to spoken than to written register; "relatively modest cost" hangs unsupported with no figures; "informal consultations" raises questions about methodology that the report does not answer. The reach is C2 but the choices are not always tight enough for the genre.

Examiner total 13 / 20

A clear illustration of how Language can hold back an otherwise strong answer. The structure, content and genre awareness all sit comfortably in the upper half of the band scale, but ambitious vocabulary deployed imprecisely costs significant marks. The route to band 4–5 here runs through tighter, more accurate word choice — and through resisting the temptation to make a report sound literary.

Strong band Total: 15/20

Task: Improving student wellbeing

Write a report for your university's student welfare committee assessing two areas where current wellbeing provision is weak and recommending practical improvements. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 299 words

Report on Student Wellbeing Provision

Introduction
The purpose of this report is to identify two areas in which the current provision for student wellbeing is widely felt to fall short, and to set out concrete recommendations that the welfare committee might realistically implement within the coming academic year. The findings are drawn from informal consultations conducted across several departments during the autumn term.

Counselling provision
The most pressing concern raised relates to the central counselling service, which is generally regarded as severely overstretched. Waiting times are reported to be in the region of six to eight weeks, with the result that many students disengage before an appointment becomes available. Compounding this, the service operates only during weekday office hours, effectively excluding those students whose timetables make weekday afternoon attendance impossible. The combined effect is that the students most in need of support are frequently those least able to access it.

Quiet spaces on campus
A second, less frequently raised but no less significant issue concerns the lack of dedicated quiet spaces in which students can take a short, restorative break between commitments. The library is reserved for academic work; the cafeterias are typically noisy; and the few remaining common rooms occupy buildings that have not been refurbished in over a decade. Students consistently report having nowhere appropriate to retreat to during a long day on campus.

Recommendations
It is therefore recommended that the committee consider, firstly, expanding the counselling team and introducing both evening and online appointment slots; and secondly, designating two of the underused rooms in the East Wing as dedicated quiet zones, simply but comfortably furnished. Both measures could be piloted within a single academic term and at relatively modest cost, and both would address concerns that the consultation suggests are widely shared across the student body.

Content 4 / 5

All required elements present and substantively developed. Two distinct areas are identified, each described and evaluated with reasonable evidence ("six to eight weeks", "have not been refurbished in over a decade"), and the recommendations are specific, properly framed, and tied directly to the problems identified. The target reader (the welfare committee) is given material on which they could realistically act.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

The conventions of a formal report are confidently handled throughout. Title, headings, statement of purpose, impersonal phrasing in every section, and a properly framed recommendations section. The register is consistently formal and evidential — the candidate avoids the literary phrasings and first-person slips that pull weaker reports down. A genuine welfare committee would receive this as a usable document.

Organisation 4 / 5

Strong organisation: four headed sections that map cleanly onto the task, with the recommendations corresponding directly to the two problems and the introduction framing the scope. Cohesion within sections is varied and appropriate to the genre. The structural balance between sections is well-judged.

Language 3 / 5

A good range of vocabulary and structures handled with control: fall short, severely overstretched, compounding this, restorative break, modest cost, widely shared. Passive constructions and impersonal phrasings are deployed naturally. However, "in the region of" is slightly heavy where "approximately" would do, "compounding this" is faintly mannered, and "modest cost" hangs unsupported with no figures attached. The reach is genuinely C2 but the precision could be tighter.

Examiner total 15 / 20

An upper-band report — three criteria at band 4 because the candidate has properly understood and executed the genre, with an impersonal evidential voice, headed sections, and concrete recommendations. Language sits at band 3 because of a few lexical wobbles. The route to band 5 runs through slightly tighter vocabulary and a willingness to attach figures to recommendations.

Weak band Total: 8/20

Task: A book that deserves a wider readership

Write a review of a book you believe has been wrongly overlooked, describing what it is about, why it has been undervalued, and recommending the kind of reader who would benefit from it. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 282 words

The Midnight Library: A book everyone should read

One of the best books I have read in recent years is The Midnight Library by Matt Haig. It is a beautiful and moving novel about a young woman called Nora Seed, who is very unhappy with her life and decides to end it. However, instead of dying, she finds herself in a mysterious library between life and death, where every book represents a different version of the life she could have lived if she had made different choices.

In each book, Nora gets the chance to try out a different life. She becomes a famous swimmer in one, a glaciologist in another, a rock star, a mother, and many other things. Through these experiences, she slowly comes to understand that no life is perfect and that even her original life had value. It is a really powerful story about regret, second chances and the importance of being yourself.

Matt Haig is a wonderful writer and his prose is both simple and very emotional. He explores difficult topics like depression and suicide with great sensitivity, which is one of the reasons why this book has touched so many readers around the world. I personally cried several times while reading it.

Although it has sold many copies, I still think this book deserves an even bigger audience because its message is so important in today's world, where so many people feel lost or unhappy. I would recommend it to absolutely anyone, young or old, who has ever wondered "what if" about their life choices. It is the kind of book that genuinely stays with you for a long time after you have actually finished it.

Content 2 / 5

The task is only partially completed. The candidate describes what the book is about — at length — and gives a recommendation of sorts. However, the book is a global bestseller that has sold millions of copies, so the "wrongly overlooked" requirement is not met at all; the candidate even acknowledges this ("Although it has sold many copies"). The "why it has been undervalued" element is therefore missing entirely. The target reader of a website looking for hidden gems would feel misled.

Communicative Achievement 2 / 5

This is not a review; it is a plot summary with adjectives. Two of the four paragraphs are pure description of what happens in the book. There is no critical reading, no specific evaluation, no qualification of any kind, and the recommendation ("absolutely anyone, young or old") is the exact opposite of what the genre requires. The "wonderful writer", "beautiful and moving", "really powerful" pattern is the language of a personal recommendation to a friend, not of journalism aimed at a website readership.

Organisation 2 / 5

Four paragraphs are present and the topic stays within the same book throughout, but the structure is essentially a list of things the candidate wants to say about the novel rather than an organised piece. There is no progression from description to evaluation to recommendation; the praise is scattered throughout, and the "recommendation" paragraph contains as much description as the description paragraphs do.

Language 2 / 5

Grammar is largely accurate and the sentences are fluent. However, the vocabulary is heavily reliant on weak intensifiers and generic praise: beautiful, moving, wonderful, really powerful, very emotional, absolutely anyone. There are almost no examples of less common lexis, almost no complex grammatical structures beyond the standard relative clause, and the dominant register is that of an enthusiastic friend rather than a literary critic. The language is functional but unambitious throughout.

Examiner total 8 / 20

A textbook weak C2 answer: the candidate has chosen a book they love and written about it from the heart, but has not stopped to ask whether their choice fits the task or whether the writing fits the genre. The Midnight Library is famous, the review is not actually a review, and the language never reaches above the comfort zone. The lesson here is brutal but useful: at C2, choosing the wrong book can cost you 6–7 marks before you write a single sentence.

Solid band Total: 13/20

Task: A book that deserves a wider readership

Write a review of a book you believe has been wrongly overlooked, describing what it is about, why it has been undervalued, and recommending the kind of reader who would benefit from it. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 285 words

An epic that history forgot

Min Jin Lee's Pachinko is one of those rare novels that manages to be both genuinely sweeping in scope and quietly intimate in its details. Published in 2017, it follows four generations of a Korean family living in Japan across most of the twentieth century, from the colonial period through to the modern day. Despite excellent reviews and a National Book Award nomination, it remains, in my view, far less widely read than its quality deserves.

The novel begins in a small fishing village in early twentieth-century Korea, where a young woman named Sunja becomes pregnant by a wealthy stranger and is rescued from disgrace by a kind Christian minister who agrees to marry her and take her to Osaka. From this point onwards, the story follows her descendants as they struggle to build lives in a country that treats them as permanent outsiders. Lee writes with remarkable patience and restraint, allowing each generation its own quiet dignity, and refusing the easy temptations of melodrama at every turn.

So why is Pachinko not as celebrated as it should be? Partly, I suspect, because Anglophone readers have very little context for the history it explores (the long and painful relationship between Korea and Japan is barely taught in Western schools), and partly because its scope can seem daunting at first glance.

I would recommend this book to anyone who has loved The Joy Luck Club or One Hundred Years of Solitude, or indeed to anyone who appreciates fiction that takes its time and rewards close attention. Pachinko is the kind of novel that makes you finish the last page and immediately wish there were another five hundred pages waiting for you.

Content 3 / 5

All required elements are addressed: the book is described, two distinct reasons for its being overlooked are offered, and the recommendation targets a specific reader profile via comparable titles. However, the "wrongly overlooked" claim is somewhat shaky — Pachinko was a major literary success and a Netflix series — and the candidate would have done better to acknowledge this and refine the claim ("less read than it deserves" rather than "overlooked"). Content is solid but the framing is slightly off.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

The conventions of a review are confidently handled. The voice is critical rather than enthusiastic, the praise is specific (Lee's "patience and restraint", her refusal of "the easy temptations of melodrama"), and the recommendation is targeted via comparable books — a particularly skilled move. The closing line lingers. This is the answer's strongest criterion.

Organisation 3 / 5

Four paragraphs progressing logically from introduction to plot to analysis to recommendation. Cohesion is mostly natural ("From this point onwards", "So why"). However, the second paragraph is heavy on plot summary at the expense of evaluation, and the structural balance between the four sections could be tighter — the analysis paragraph is noticeably shorter than the others.

Language 3 / 5

A good range of vocabulary with some genuinely well-chosen phrases (quiet dignity, easy temptations of melodrama, daunting at first glance). Complex structures are handled with control. However, the opening sentence packs in three vague intensifiers ("rare", "genuinely sweeping", "quietly intimate"); "remarkable patience and restraint" is the kind of borrowed reviewer's phrase the candidate could have made more her own; and "immediately wish there were another five hundred pages waiting for you" is a slightly tired closing flourish.

Examiner total 13 / 20

A confident mid-band answer that handles the genre well but is held back by a shaky framing of the "overlooked" claim and a few imprecisions in the prose. The route to the upper band runs through more honest engagement with what "overlooked" actually means for this book, and tighter, less borrowed phrasing.

Strong band Total: 15/20

Task: A book that deserves a wider readership

Write a review of a book you believe has been wrongly overlooked, describing what it is about, why it has been undervalued, and recommending the kind of reader who would benefit from it. (280–320 words)

Student answer — 297 words

The quietest masterpiece on the shelf

If you have never heard of John Williams's Stoner, you are in very good company. Published in 1965 to almost no critical attention, it sold a few hundred copies, went out of print, and seemed destined to be forgotten. Then, after a slow rediscovery nearly half a century later, it was pushed onto bestseller lists across Europe. The journey from obscurity to acclaim is unusual; the reasons it took so long are more revealing.

The novel is, on the face of it, an unpromising prospect: the life story of a quiet Midwestern professor of English literature whose marriage fails, whose career stalls, and whose few small joys are repeatedly cut short by circumstances he never quite manages to control. Nothing very dramatic happens. And yet Williams writes with such patient precision, and with such close attention to the small details of an ordinary life, that by the closing chapters one feels one has known Stoner more intimately than most of the people in one's own life. It is, quite simply, one of the most quietly affecting books ever written about what it is to be alive.

So why was it overlooked? Partly, I suspect, because it offers none of the things the publishing industry knows how to sell (no plot twist, no romance, no redemptive arc), and partly because its sheer quietness asks for a patience that is increasingly rare. This is not a book for a quick afternoon; it is a book for a long winter.

I would recommend Stoner to anyone who suspects that ordinary lives might be the most extraordinary subject of all. If that description fits you even a little, clear a weekend, find a comfortable chair, and prepare to be moved more deeply than you expected.

Content 4 / 5

All required elements addressed and substantively developed: what the book is about (without spoilers), why it has been overlooked (the candidate offers two distinct reasons), and a recommendation tied to a specific kind of reader. The target reader of a website would be both informed and persuaded; many would close the page wanting to read the book.

Communicative Achievement 4 / 5

Excellent handling of the review genre. The voice has personality and critical confidence; praise is balanced with honest qualification ("not a book for a quick afternoon"); the recommendation targets a specific reader profile rather than "everyone"; and the tone — wry, warm, slightly conspiratorial — is exactly right for a website review. The opening hooks the reader and the closing lingers.

Organisation 4 / 5

Well-organised and cohesive throughout. Four paragraphs progressing from hook → description → analysis of obscurity → recommendation, each leading naturally into the next. Cohesion is varied and largely invisible — none of the formulaic linker-stacking seen in weaker answers. Within paragraphs the rhythm of long and short sentences is well-judged.

Language 3 / 5

A wide vocabulary used with mostly secure control: destined to be forgotten, slow rediscovery, unpromising prospect, redemptive arc, patient precision. Complex grammatical structures are deployed naturally. However, occasional reaches don't quite land: "very good company" in the opening is a tired phrase the candidate should have replaced; "the small details of an ordinary life" comes very close to repeating itself two paragraphs later in "ordinary lives might be the most extraordinary subject"; and "moved more deeply than you expected" at the end is slightly soft compared to the more controlled tone of the rest. The linguistic ambition is genuine but the precision is not yet at band-5 level.

Examiner total 15 / 20

An upper-band answer — three criteria at band 4 because the candidate genuinely understands the genre and writes with real personality. Language alone holds it back from the very top: a more secure command of register and a willingness to cut the few over-egged phrases would lift this clearly into band 5. This is what a good C2 candidate produces on a good day.

Write under exam conditions

Choose a task type, hit start, and write in the editor below. The word counter turns green when you're inside the target range. When you finish, use the self-assessment checklist to mark yourself against the four criteria.

Prompt:
Part 1 — Essay 240–280 words

Compulsory volunteering for young people

Mini guide for this task type
0 words ⏱ 00:00

Self-assessment — mark each criterion honestly

Content

Communicative Achievement

Organisation

Language

Aim for 10+ ticks for a band 4–5 response. Fewer than 7 suggests serious work is needed before exam day.

C2 Writing Phrase Bank

Key phrases and expressions organised by task type. Use these to elevate your register and demonstrate the range expected at C2 level.

Introducing the topic
  • The question of whether… has long been a matter of debate.
  • In recent years, the issue of… has attracted considerable attention.
  • It is widely acknowledged that…
  • There is growing consensus that…
  • Few topics provoke as much controversy as…
Presenting arguments
  • A compelling case can be made for…
  • One of the most persuasive arguments in favour of… is that…
  • Proponents of this view would argue that…
  • From a practical standpoint, it seems clear that…
  • It would be misguided to overlook the fact that…
Contrasting & conceding
  • While there is some truth in this, it fails to account for…
  • Compelling as this argument may seem, it overlooks…
  • Notwithstanding the above, one could equally argue that…
  • Be that as it may, the evidence suggests otherwise.
  • Admittedly, … ; however, this does not negate the fact that…
Concluding
  • On balance, the arguments in favour of… far outweigh those against.
  • In light of the above, it seems reasonable to conclude that…
  • Taking all factors into consideration, it is my firm conviction that…
  • Ultimately, the most compelling evidence points to…
  • To sum up, what emerges most clearly is that…
Engaging openings
  • Have you ever stopped to consider…?
  • Picture this: you're standing in the middle of…
  • There's a question that keeps cropping up in conversations lately.
  • If someone had told me a year ago that…, I'd have laughed.
  • It's one of those things everyone has an opinion on, yet few have actually experienced.
Developing your angle
  • What strikes me most about this is…
  • In my experience, the reality is rather different from what we're told.
  • This is something I feel passionately about, and here's why.
  • The more you look into it, the more fascinating it becomes.
  • There's an unexpected side to this story that deserves attention.
Engaging the reader
  • You might be wondering why this matters. Let me explain.
  • Sound familiar? You're certainly not alone.
  • Next time you find yourself in this situation, consider…
  • Whether you agree or not, one thing is undeniable:
  • And this is precisely the point — we all have a stake in this.
Memorable endings
  • So, what are we to make of all this?
  • Perhaps the real question isn't… but rather…
  • One thing's for certain: this conversation is far from over.
  • If nothing else, it's worth bearing in mind that…
  • And that, I would argue, makes all the difference.
Opening formalities
  • I am writing to express my concern regarding…
  • I am writing with reference to the article published on…
  • I should like to draw your attention to a matter of some urgency.
  • Further to our recent correspondence, I wish to…
  • I would be most grateful if you could clarify…
Making a case
  • It has come to my attention that…
  • I feel I must point out that…
  • I trust you will appreciate the gravity of this situation.
  • I would venture to suggest that…
  • With all due respect, I must take issue with…
Requesting action
  • I would urge you, in the strongest possible terms, to…
  • I should be grateful for a prompt response to this matter.
  • May I suggest that a meeting be arranged at your earliest convenience?
  • I look forward to hearing what steps you intend to take.
  • I trust this matter will be given the attention it deserves.
Closing
  • I look forward to your response at your earliest convenience.
  • Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require further information.
  • I remain hopeful that a satisfactory resolution can be reached.
  • Thanking you in advance for your cooperation in this matter.
  • I trust you will give this matter your most serious consideration.
Purpose & scope
  • The purpose of this report is to assess…
  • This report sets out to examine… and make recommendations.
  • The findings are based on a survey conducted among…
  • The report is divided into the following sections:
  • The scope of this report is limited to…
Presenting findings
  • The data reveals a marked increase in…
  • A significant proportion of respondents indicated that…
  • It is worth noting that…
  • One particularly striking finding was that…
  • The results suggest a correlation between… and…
Recommendations
  • In light of the above findings, it is recommended that…
  • It would be advisable to consider…
  • Steps should be taken to ensure that…
  • A thorough review of current practice would be beneficial.
  • The evidence strongly points to the need for…
Conclusions
  • To conclude, the evidence gathered indicates that…
  • On the whole, the picture that emerges is one of…
  • Unless action is taken promptly, it is likely that…
  • The findings leave little doubt that…
  • In summary, the key areas for improvement are…
Setting the scene
  • I had high expectations going in, and I was not disappointed.
  • Having heard so much about…, I was eager to see for myself.
  • From the moment you walk in, it's clear that…
  • The concept behind… is both ambitious and original.
  • What immediately sets this apart is…
Evaluating
  • What really elevates this above the competition is…
  • Where it truly excels is in…
  • That said, it falls somewhat short when it comes to…
  • My one reservation would be…
  • On the whole, the experience is remarkably polished.
Personal response
  • What lingered most for me was…
  • I came away feeling that…
  • It left a lasting impression, not least because…
  • Rarely have I encountered something so…
  • It's the kind of experience that stays with you long after.
Recommending
  • I would wholeheartedly recommend this to anyone who…
  • Whether you're a seasoned… or a complete newcomer, there is something here for you.
  • If you only do one thing this year, make it this.
  • It may not be to everyone's taste, but for those who appreciate…, it's unmissable.
  • All things considered, this comes highly recommended.
Adding emphasis
  • What is particularly noteworthy is…
  • It is precisely this that makes…
  • Under no circumstances should we…
  • Not only… but also…
  • Were it not for…, the outcome might have been very different.
Hedging & qualifying
  • It could be argued that…
  • This is not to suggest that…; rather, it highlights…
  • To some extent, this may well be the case.
  • While this is certainly true in some respects,…
  • One might reasonably question whether…
Cause & effect
  • This has inevitably led to…
  • As a direct consequence of…
  • The knock-on effect of this has been…
  • This, in turn, has given rise to…
  • The repercussions of… are far-reaching.
Sophisticated connectors
  • By the same token,…
  • That notwithstanding,…
  • In much the same vein,…
  • Insofar as… is concerned,…
  • For all its merits, … nonetheless…